Interpreting Power & Privilege

In Search of Best Practices for RID's Continuing Education

The videos on this page are part of a M.A. thesis that is published on Sophia, the repository for St. Catherine University.  This page provides easier navigation through the different sections of the project.

Abstract

References

RID. (2015). 2015 National Conference Motions. Retrieved July 13, 2018 from https://www.rid.org/2015/07/2015-national-conference-motions/

Introduction

References

RID. (n.d.) Certification Overview. Retrieved April 27, 2019 from https://rid.org/rid-certification-overview/

RID. (2015). 2015 National Conference Motions. Retrieved July 13, 2018 from https://www.rid.org/2015/07/2015-national-conference-motions/

RID. (2016). Standards and Criteria for Approved Sponsors.  Alexandria, VA. Retrieved March 18, 2019 from https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_NUO3AhS85kbHdfQjdGRkx6dWc/view

Lit Review

Sections

The links below open in a new tab and begin at the section heading listed.

 

References

Arthur. B. (2017, October 11). “Carla Shird: Language privilege and the field of sign language interpreting.” StreetLeverage. Retrieved from: https://streetleverage.com/podcasts/carla-shird-language-privilege-and-the-field-of-sign-language-interpreting/

ASLized. (n.d.) JASLL.  Retrieved from http://journalofasl.com/

ASLized. (2016, September 18). “Journal of American Sign Languages and Literature.” [Video] Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMFCPi5Uip0

Baldwin, C. & Linnea, A. (2010). The circle way: A leader in every chair. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Baker-Shenk, C. (1986). “Characteristics of oppressed and oppressor peoples:  Their effect on the interpreting context.” in McIntire, M.L. (Ed.), Interpreting: The art of cross-cultural mediation. RID Publications, Silver Spring, MD.

Banaji, M.R. & Greenwald, A.G. (2013). Blindspot: Hidden biases of good people. New York : Delacorte Press.

Bauman, H. L. & Murray, J.M. (Eds.) (2014). Deaf gain: Raising the stakes for human diversity. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Black, L. L., Stone, D. A., Hutchinson, S. R., & Suarez, E. C. (2007). The development and validation of the social privilege measure. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 40(1), 16-32. doi:http://dx.doi.org.pearl.stkate.edu/10.1080/07481756.2007.11909803

Boroditzky, L. (2009). How does language shape the way we think? Edge. (https://www.edge.org/conversation/lera_boroditsky-how-does-our-language-shape-the-way-we-think

Boroditsky, L. (2011). “How language shapes thought.” Scientific American, 304(2), 62-65. Retrieved from https://web-b-ebscohost-com.pearl.stkate.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=1&sid=9a210fea-809b-4a7c-bee6-597da36cac2c%40sessionmgr101&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=57244876&db=aph

Boroditsky, L. & Gabey, A. (2010). “Remembrances of Times East: Absolute Spatial Representations of Time in an Australian Aboriginal Community,” Psychological Science.  Vol 21, Issue 11, pp. 1635 – 1639. https://doi-org.pearl.stkate.edu/10.1177%2F0956797610386621

Bowen-Bailey, D. (2014). “New paradigms in the interpreted classroom.” VIEWS. RID: Silver Spring, MD.

Bowen-Bailey, D., Galloway, J., & Gibbons, J. (2018). “Good enough for the rough draft: Using ASL as a language of development for academic publication.” [Poster session]. Conference of Interpreter Trainers. Salt Lake City, Utah.  Available at: http://digiterp.com/new/good-enough-for-the-rough-draft

Brace, A. (2012, June 5). “The duality of the sign language interpreter.” StreetLeverage.  Retrieved from: https://streetleverage.com/2012/06/the-duality-of-the-sign-language-interpreter/

Brantmeier, E. J., Aragon, A., & Folkestad, J. (2011). Examining collaborative learning modalities (CLM): Critical multicultural education online? Multicultural Education & Technology Journal, 5(1), 5-18.

CATIE Center. (2018). “Oppression and Kyriarchy.” [Video] Retrieved from https://youtu.be/3HcWwUAbMBs

Clark, J.L. (2017). “Distantism.” Retrieved from: https://johnleeclark.tumblr.com/post/163762970913/distantism.

Cokely, D. (2005).“Shifting positionality: A Critical examination of the turning point in the relationship of interpreters and the Deaf community.” In Marschark, M.,  Peterson, R., & Winston, E.A., Eds., Sign language interpreting and interpreter education: Directions for research and practice. Oxford University Press.  DOI: 10.1093/acprof/9780195176940.001.0001

Colayori, Kailea, et al. (2014). “Perceiving Being Deaf as a Negative Attribute is a Resilience Risk Factor for Deaf College Students.” [Presentation]. Inter-Science of Learning Centers. Inter-Science of Learning Centers. Pittsburgh, PA. 6 Mar. 2014. Conference Presentation. Retrieved from: https://www.rit.edu/ntid/research/listman-6

Combahee River Collective. (1978). The Combahee River Collective Statement. Retrieved from https://combaheerivercollective.weebly.com/the-combahee-river-collective-statement.html

Cooper, A.J. (1892). A Voice From the South, republished in the Schomburg Library of Nineteenth-Century Black Women Writers. New York: Oxford University Press.

Crenshaw, K. (1989). “Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics.” University of Chicago Legal Forum: Vol. 1989 , Article 8.  Available at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8

Crenshaw, K. (1991). “Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color.” Stanford Law Review., 43(6), 1241.

Crenshaw, K. (2011). “Twenty years of critical race theory: Looking back to move forward.” Connecticut Law Review, 43, 1253-1352. Retrieved from https://www.connecticutlawreview.org/volume-43.

Danzinger, S. & Ward, R. (2010) “Language changes implicit associations between ethnic groups and evaluation in bilinguals.” Psychological Science Vol. 21, No. 6. 799-800. https://doi-org.pearl.stkate.edu/10.1177/0956797610371344

Davis, A.  (2018, February 13)  “ASL RaceS (Redo).” [Video].  Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/groups/ASLTHAT/permalink/2116538631910966/

Dean,  R.K. & Pollard, R. Q.    (2004). “A practice profession model    of ethical reasoning,” VIEWS. Silver Spring, MD:    Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf,    Inc.

Dean, R.K. &    Pollard, R. Q.    (2005).    Consumers and service effectiveness in interpreting work:    A practice profession perspective. In    M. Marschark,    R. Peterson, &    E. Winston (Eds.), Interpreting and interpreter education: Directions for research and practice (pp.    259-282). New York: Oxford    University Press.

Dean, R.K. & Pollard, R.Q. (2011) Context-based Ethical Reasoning in Interpreting, The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 5:1,155-182, DOI: 10.1080/13556509.2011.10798816

DSDJ. (n.d.). “Welcome to the Deaf Studies Digital Journal.”  Retrieved from https://www.deafstudiesdigitaljournal.org/

Eckert, R., & Rowley, A. (2013). Audism: A theory and practice of audiocentric privilege. Humanity & Society, 37(2), 101-130. DOI: 10.1177/0160597613481731

Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed / Paulo Freire ; translated by Myra Bergman Ramos ; with an introduction by Donald Macedo. (30th anniversary ed.). New York: Continuum.

Gallon, C. (2018). Exploring the racial microaggressions American Sign Language–English Interpreters commit. [Master’s Thesis] Retrieved from Sophia, the St. Catherine University repository website: https://sophia.stkate.edu/maisce/1

Gertz, G. (2007). Dysconscious audism: A theoretical proposition. In Bauman, H. L. (Ed.) Open your eyes : deaf studies talking. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pearl.stkate.edu

Gertz, G. (2016). “Deaf crit.” In G. Gertz & P. Boudreault (Eds.), The sage deaf studies encyclopedia (pp. 159-161). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc doi: 10.4135/9781483346489.n57

Gorski, P. (2018). “Racial battle fatigue and activist burnout in racial justice activists of color at predominantly white colleges and universities.” Race, Ethnicity and Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2018.1497966

Hall, W.C., Holcomb, T.K., & Elliot, M. (2016).  “Using Popular Education with the Oppressor Class: Suggestions for Sign Language Interpreter Education.” Critical Education.  Vol 7, No 13. Available at: https://ices.library.ubc.ca/index.php/criticaled/article/view/186129

Harris, R. L.  (2012). Academic language in the ASL community.  Deaf Studies Digital Journal, Issue 3. Retrieved from http://dsdj.gallaudet.edu/index.php?issue=4&section_id=2&entry_id=149

Harris, R. L. (2017) “ASL in academic settings: Language features.” [Video] ASLized. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/VX18-4m-EN0

Harris, R. & Williams, F. (2015). Research and evaluation in education and psychology, ASL version. Austin, TX: ASLChoice.

Hauser, P.C. (2015, March 6) “Effects of Linguisticism (sic) and Audism on the Developing Deaf Person.” [Video] TEDx Talks.  Retrieved from https://youtu.be/73zUW76OOxg

Hays, D. G. (2008). Assessing multicultural competence in counselor trainees: A review of instrumentation and future directions. Journal of Counseling and Development : JCD, 86(1), 95-101. doi:http://dx.doi.org.pearl.stkate.edu/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00630.x

Hays, D. G., Chang, C. Y., & Decker, S. L. (2007). Initial development and psychometric data for the privilege and oppression inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 40(2), 66-79. doi:http://dx.doi.org.pearl.stkate.edu/10.1080/07481756.2007.11909806

Hill, B. (2017) “Raising the bar: Setting a standard for academic ASL.” [Presentation] ASLTA. Salt Lake City.

Hill Collins, P., & Bilge, S. (2016). Intersectionality. Oxford: Polity Press.

Hill, J. (2012). Black ASL. Journal of American Sign Languages and Literatures. Retrieved from http://journalofasl.com/black-asl/

Hochschild, A. R. (2012). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. (Updated ed.). University Of California Press.

Hochschild, A.R. (2016). Strangers in their own land: Anger and mourning on the American right. New York: New Press.

Humphries, T. (1977). ‘‘Communicating across cultures (Deaf/Hearing) and language learning.’’ (Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation), Union Graduate School, Cincinnati, OH.

Intersectional Souls Project. (2015) What exactly is intersectionality? A conversation with Stephanie “Najma” Johnson. [Video] Retrieved from https://youtu.be/po8AvBSaD1A

King, J.E. (1997). “ Dysconscious racism: Ideology, identity, and miseducation,” in Delgado, R. & Stefanic, J. (Ed.), Critical white studies. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 128-132. Retrieved from https://muse.jhu.edu/book/45907.

Kuma?-Tan, Z., Beagan, B., Loppie, C., MacLeod, A., & Frank, B. (2007). Measures of cultural competence: Examining hidden assumptions. Academic Medicine, 82(6), 548-557. doi:http://dx.doi.org.pearl.stkate.edu/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3180555a2d

Ladd, P. (2007). Colonialism and resistance: A brief history of Deafhood. In Bauman, H. L. (Ed.). Open your eyes : deaf studies talking. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pearl.stkate.edu

Llewellyn-Jones, P. & Lee, R. G. (2014) Redefining the role of the community interpreter: The concept of role-space. SLI Press, Carlton-le-Moorland.

Mason, I., and Ren, W. (2012). “Power in face-to-face interpreting events.”  Translation and Interpreting Studies. 7:2 pp. 233-252. DOI: 10.1075/tis.7.2.08mas

Metzger, M. (1999). Sign language interpreting: Deconstructing the myth of neutrality.  Washington D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.

Mole, H. (2018). Narratives of power: Critical reflections on signed language interpreting.  (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).  Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland.  Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/37647800/Narratives_of_power_Critical_reflections_on_signed_language_interpreting

Project Implicit. (2011). The Implicit association test. Retrieved from https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/

Quinto-Pozos, D., Martinez, M. Suarez, A., & Zech, R. (2018). Beyond bilingual programming: Interpreter education in the U.S. amidst increasing linguistic diversity. International Journal of Interpreter Education. Vol 10(1). pp. 46-59. Retrieved from http://www.cit-asl.org/new/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/f-IJIE-10-1-quinto-pozos.pdf

(Raj) Sethuraju, N., Prew, P., Abdi, A., & Pipkins, M. (2013). The consequences of teaching critical sociology on course evaluations. SAGE Open. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013496182

Rasmussen, A. S. (2012). Assessing interpreter intercultural sensitivity (Order No. 3531415). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1151843604).

Reagan, T. G. (2010). Language policy and planning for sign languages.  Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.

Robinson, O. & Sheneman, N. (2018). “Intersectionality, the latest buzzword: What it means to teach power and privilege in ASL and interpreter education programs.”  in Winston, Monikowski, and Lee (Eds.). Reaching new heights in interpreter education: Mentoring, teaching & leadership.  The Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of Interpreter Trainers. Retrieved from http://www.cit-asl.org/new/intersectionality-the-latest-buzzword-teach-power-privilege/

Robinson, T. (2019). A Conversation with HW. [Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/uO8GzjL0MY8

Russell, D. and Shaw, R. (2016). “Power and privilege: An exploration of decision-making of interpreters,” Journal of Interpretation: Vol. 25 : Iss. 1 , Article 7. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/joi/vol25/iss1/7

Schu?ssler Fiorenza, E. (2011). Transforming vision explorations in feminist the*logy. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.

Simms, L. (2018). Climbing the avalanche. [Video documentary]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/AvO-qEt5gxo

Singleton, G., & Linton, C. (2006). Courageous conversations about race : A field guide for achieving equity in schools. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Corwin Press.

Smith, W., Hung, M., & Franklin, J. (2011). Racial battle fatigue and mis-education of Black males: Racial microagressions, societal problems, and environmental stress. The Journal of Negro education.  Vol. 80, No. 1 (Winter 2011), pp. 63-82. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41341106

Stone, D., Heen, S., & Patton, B. (2010). Difficult conversations : How to discuss what matters most. New York: Penguin Books.

Sue, D.W. (2016). “The invisible whiteness of being: Whiteness, White supremacy, White privilege, and racism.” In Rothenberg, P.S. (Ed.) White privilege: Essential readings on the other side of racism. 5th edition. New York: Worth Publishers.

Warren, K. (1988). Toward an Ecofeminist Ethic. Studies in the Humanities, 15(2), 140.

Webb, J. & Shird, C. (2017).  “Unpacking & Investigating Our Responsibility Within an Inherited System of Unequalized Power: the Interpreter and Deaf “Consumer” Relationship.” [Video]. RID Continuing Education Training Center.  Availalble at https://www.rid.org/continuing-education/available-webinars/power-and-privilege-webinars/

Methodology

Sections

The links below open in a new tab and begin at the section heading listed.

References

Berne, P. & Morales, A. L. & Langstaff, D. & Invalid, S. (2018). Ten principles of disability justice. WSQ: Women’s studies quarterly 46(1), 227-230. The Feminist Press. Retrieved March 30, 2019, from Project MUSE database.

Boroditsky, L. (2011). “How language shapes thought.” Scientific American, 304(2), 62-65.

Cabrera, N. (2018). “Where’s the racial theory in Critical Race Theory?: A Constructive Criticism of the Crits.” The Review of Higher Education. (42) 1, 209-233.

Charmaz, K. (2017.) The power of constructivist grounded theory for critical inquiry. Qualitative Inquiry Vol. 23(1) 34–45  DOI: 10.1177/1077800416657105

Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis.  London: Sage publications.

Crenshaw, K. (1989). “Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics.” University of Chicago Legal Forum: Vol. 1989 , Article 8.  Available at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8

Crenshaw, K. (2011). “Twenty years of critical race theory: Looking back to move forward.” Connecticut Law Review, 43, 1253-1352. Retrieved from https://www.connecticutlawreview.org/volume-43.

Danzinger, S. & Ward, R. (2010) “Language changes implicit associations between ethnic groups and evaluation in bilinguals.” Psychological Science Vol. 21, No. 6. 799-800.

Dixson, A.D. (2017) “What’s Going On?”: A Critical Race Theory perspective on Black Lives Matter and activism in education.  Urban Education Vol. 53(2) 231–247 Retrieved July 27, 2018 from https://doi-org.pearl.stkate.edu/10.1177/0042085917747115

Gertz, G. (2016). “Deaf crit.” In G. Gertz & P. Boudreault (Eds.), The sage deaf studies encyclopedia (pp. 159-161). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc doi: 10.4135/9781483346489.n57

Goswell, D. (2012). Do you see what I see? Using ELAN for self-analysis and reflection. International Journal of Interpreter Education, Vol 4(1).  Conference of Interpreter Trainers.  Retrieved July 22, 2018 from http://www.cit-asl.org/new/do-you-see-what-i-see-elan/

Harris, R. L. (2017) “ASL in academic settings: Language features.” [Video] ASLized. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/VX18-4m-EN0

Harris, R. & Williams, F. (2015). Research and evaluation in education and psychology, ASL version. Austin, TX: ASLChoice.

Hill, B. (2017) “Raising the bar: Setting a standard for academic ASL.” [Presentation] ASLTA. Salt Lake City.

Hill Collins, P., & Bilge, S. (2016). Intersectionality. Oxford: Polity Press.

Intersectional Souls Project. (2015) What exactly is intersectionality? A conversation with Stephanie “Najma” Johnson. [Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/po8AvBSaD1A

Stringer, E. T. (2014). Action research, 4th Edition. Los Angeles:  SAGE Publications.

About the Study Participants

Draft

Sections

The links below open in a new tab and begin at the section heading listed.

References

RID. (2017). 2017 annual report. Retrieved July 24, 2018 from https://www.rid.org/2017-annual-report/

United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). Decennial census of population and housing.  Retrieved April 27, 2019 from https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/data/datasets.2010.html

Focus Group Data and Findings

Draft

Sections

The links below open in a new tab and begin at the section heading listed.

References

Charmaz, K. (2017.) The power of constructivist grounded theory for critical inquiry. Qualitative Inquiry Vol. 23(1) 34–45  DOI: 10.1177/1077800416657105

Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis.  London: Sage publications.

Gallon, C. (2018). Exploring the racial microaggressions American Sign Language–English Interpreters commit. [Master’s Thesis] Retrieved from Sophia, the St. Catherine University repository website: https://sophia.stkate.edu/maisce/1

Discussion and Conclusions

Sections

The links below open in a new tab and begin at the section heading listed.

References

Baldwin, C. & Linnea, A. (2010). The circle way: A leader in every chair. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Black, L. L., Stone, D. A., Hutchinson, S. R., & Suarez, E. C. (2007). The development and validation of the social privilege measure. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 40(1), 16-32. doi:http://dx.doi.org.pearl.stkate.edu/10.1080/07481756.2007.11909803

CATIE Center. (2016). “New tool for developing a healthcare interpreting career.” Retrieved from https://healthcareinterpreting.org/new-tool-healthcare-interpreter-career/

Colonomos, B. & Moccia, L. (2013). “Process mediation as mentoring.” in Winston, B. and Lee, R.G. Mentorship in sign language interpreting. Alexandria, VA: RID Press. pp. 85-96.

Crenshaw, K. (1989). “Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics.” University of Chicago Legal Forum: Vol. 1989 , Article 8.  Available at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8

DiAngelo, R. (2011). White Fragility. International Journal of Critical Pedagogy, 3(3).

Dobbin, F., and Kalev, A. (2016). “Why diversity programs fail?” Harvard Business Review.  July-August 2016.  Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2016/07/why-diversity-programs-fail

Gallon, C. (2018). Exploring the racial microaggressions American Sign Language–English Interpreters commit. [Master’s Thesis] Retrieved from Sophia, the St. Catherine University repository website: https://sophia.stkate.edu/maisce/1

Gorski, P. (2018). “Racial battle fatigue and activist burnout in racial justice activists of color at predominantly white colleges and universities.” Race, Ethnicity and Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2018.1497966

Hays, D. G. (2008). Assessing multicultural competence in counselor trainees: A review of instrumentation and future directions. Journal of Counseling and Development : JCD, 86(1), 95-101. doi:http://dx.doi.org.pearl.stkate.edu/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00630.x

Hays, D. G., Chang, C. Y., & Decker, S. L. (2007). Initial development and psychometric data for the privilege and oppression inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 40(2), 66-79. doi:http://dx.doi.org.pearl.stkate.edu/10.1080/07481756.2007.11909806

Hehman, E., Flake, J. K., & Calanchini, J. (2018). Disproportionate use of lethal force in policing is associated with regional racial biases of residents. Social psychological and personality science, 9(4), 393–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617711229

Hill Collins, P., & Bilge, S. (2016). Intersectionality. Oxford: Polity Press.

Hochschild, A. R. (2012). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. (Updated ed.). University Of California Press.

Intersectional Souls Project. (2015) What exactly is intersectionality? A conversation with Stephanie “Najma” Johnson. [Video]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/po8AvBSaD1A

Kuma?-Tan, Z., Beagan, B., Loppie, C., MacLeod, A., & Frank, B. (2007). Measures of cultural competence: Examining hidden assumptions. Academic Medicine, 82(6), 548-557. doi:http://dx.doi.org.pearl.stkate.edu/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3180555a2d

Ma, X., Yue, Z. Q., Gong, Z. Q., Zhang, H., Duan, N. Y., Shi, Y. T., … Li, Y. F. (2017). The Effect of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Attention, Negative Affect and Stress in Healthy Adults. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 874. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00874

Mooney, M.L. & Lawrence, A. (2000). Multicultural curriculum overview for instructors: A curriculum for enhancing interpreter competencies for working within culturally and linguistically diverse communities. National Multicultural Interpreter Project: El Paso Community College.  Retrieved from http://www.epcc.edu/NMIP/Documents/1A.pdf

(Raj) Sethuraju, N. (2019). “Messy conversations about race.” [Presentation]. Minnesota colleges and universities career services association annual meeting. Duluth, MN.

Rasmussen, A. S. (2012). Assessing interpreter intercultural sensitivity (Order No. 3531415). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1151843604).

Showing Up for Racial Justice.” (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2019 from www.showingupforracialjustice.org.

Simms, L. (2018). Climbing the avalanche. [Video documentary]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/AvO-qEt5gxo

Stringer, E. T. (2014). Action research, 4th Edition. Los Angeles:  SAGE Publications.

Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007, May-June). Racial microaggressions in everyday life. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271

Acknowledgements
Appendices